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Most judgments can be discharged by bankruptcy, except for those that are based on fraud. If you think you qualify for bankruptcy, make sure that you consult with a bankruptcy attorney right away to help you file a petition to place an automatic stay on any judgment and actions enforced by your creditors.

The basic steps of the Chapter 7 bankruptcy process are laid out below. Occasionally, certain bankruptcy cases involve additional steps, such as the bankruptcy trustee asking for additional information or a creditor filing an objection. Some of these are discussed in more detail later in this section. However, your Michigan Chapter 7 bankruptcy lawyer is the best source of insight about any additional steps that may be required in your particular case and what you can expect. 

Call Reinert and Reinert today at (989)799-8860 to schedule a Free Consultation

Step One: Schedule a Consultation with an experience bankruptcy attorney to Determine Eligibility

Not everyone qualifies for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. Some of the reasons a person might not be able to file Chapter 7 and receive a discharge include: 

Timing: A person who has filed for Chapter 7 within the previous eight years and received a discharge isn’t eligible for another Chapter 7 discharge. If you received a prior discharge in Chapter 13, the waiting period to file a Chapter 7 case is six years. 

You’ve Been Barred by the Court: Though it’s not common, a bankruptcy court can prohibit someone from filing another case for a time, even if a discharge wasn’t granted and that person would otherwise be eligible to file again. This typically happens when the case is dismissed due to fraud or refusal to follow court orders.

You Can’t Pass the Means Test: The Chapter 7 means test is designed to make sure people filing for Chapter 7 bankruptcy and discharging their debts aren’t abusing the process--that they really can’t afford to pay them. The analysis is a multi-step process. The first step--and the simplest--is to compare your income to the median income for a family the same size as yours in your state. 

As of May, 2021, the relevant Michigan medians by household size are: 

• One person: $53,815
• Two people: $67,015
• Three people: $80,465
• Four people: $99,179

For each additional person, the amount increases by $9,000. 

However, these numbers are updated regularly, so it’s important to check the current medians when assessing your eligibility.

If your income is below the median, there’s no “presumption of abuse” and you can typically proceed with your Chapter 7 case. Most people considering Chapter 7 bankruptcy can stop here. If your income is above the median, though, you’ll have to go on to the next step. The remaining steps in the means test are a bit more complicated. A bankruptcy attorney can help you determine whether you are likely to be eligible. 

For those with incomes above the median, the next step is to calculate how much disposable income you’ll have over the next five years. “Disposable income” is the income you have left after certain living expenses, such as rent, food, and transportation to work. But, not all expenses are included, and the allowed deduction for an expense may be different from the amount you’re actually spending. 

If that left over income adds up to less than $8,175 over five years, there’s no presumption of abuse and you can file. (Note that this number will be updated on April 1, 2022.)

If the left over income adds up to more than $13,650 over five years (also scheduled to update on April 1, 2022), there is a presumption of abuse. However, you may still be able to file if there are special circumstances. 

If your left over income across five years falls into the gray area between $8,175 and $13,650, there’s yet another step in the calculation. To complete this step, you’ll have to add up all of your non-priority unsecured debts. Most unsecured debts fall into this category, but a few have priority status, such as student loan debt and child support. 

If your disposable income over five years is less than 25% of that total, there’s no presumption of abuse and you can file Chapter 7. But, if your left over income over five years is enough to pay at least 25% of your non-priority unsecured debts, the presumption of abuse arises. As in the previous step, you likely won’t be able to file Chapter 7. But, if you have special circumstances, you may still qualify. 

If this all seems complicated and overwhelming, don’t worry. If your income is above the median and you have to go on to the more complex levels of the test, your bankruptcy attorney can crunch the numbers and tell you whether you’re likely to qualify for Chapter 7.

Step Two: Determine Whether Chapter 7 is Right for You

Chapter 7 bankruptcy can be a powerful tool for wiping the slate clean and building a stronger financial future. But, not everyone who qualifies for Chapter 7 chooses Chapter 7. There are two common reasons people who qualify for Chapter 7 choose other options, such as filing under Chapter 13. 

The first is that some of their problems are with secured debts, and they want to keep the collateral. For example, if the bankruptcy filing is triggered by a mortgage foreclosure, Chapter 7 may delay the process, but it won’t provide a long-term solution. In a Chapter 13 plan, the past-due balance can often be rolled into the repayment plan, offering an opportunity to save the house. 

The other is the need to protect non-exempt assets. In a Chapter 7 case, the bankruptcy trustee can take assets to put toward paying creditors. But, many types of property are exempt in bankruptcy, meaning that the trustee can’t take them. In Michigan, exempt property includes: 

Step Two: Credit Counseling

Before filing for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, an individual or couple must complete a credit counseling session with an approved agency. Congress added this requirement in 2005 to ensure that people filing bankruptcy had considered all of their options and were aware of both the pros and cons of bankruptcy. It quickly became apparent that by the time most people were considering bankruptcy and the credit counseling requirement kicked in, bankruptcy was the best answer for most. Several studies have concluded that the pre-bankruptcy credit counseling requirement isn’t beneficial to most filers. But, the law hasn’t changed. With very limited exceptions, a consumer bankruptcy case filed without a credit counseling certificate will be dismissed. 

Fortunately, credit counseling is inexpensive and easy to access. Your bankruptcy attorney may have a recommendation for you, or you can find a list of approved credit counseling agencies on the Department of Justice (DOJ) website.

Step Three: Complete Your Petition and Schedules

This part is a big job, and it’s important to get it right. Not only are you signing these documents under penalty of perjury, but making mistakes or leaving things out could delay your bankruptcy case or mean that certain debts don’t get discharged. In some cases, it might even mean your case gets dismissed. 

To complete these documents, you’ll need: 

• A list of all your debts, including outstanding balances, account numbers, and mailing addresses for your creditors
• Income information
• A list of your assets, including values
• Detailed information about your living expenses
• If you’re married, your spouse’s income information--even if they aren’t filing

You’ll also need to answer other questions about your debts and income, such as whether any of the debts are in dispute, and whether you anticipate any significant changes in your income. 

If you work with a bankruptcy attorney, the law firm will prepare these petitions and schedules for you, based on the information you provide. Then, you’ll review them carefully to ensure that they are complete and accurate before you sign them. 

Step Four: File Your Petition and Schedules

Once you’ve reviewed and signed your documents, they must be filed with the bankruptcy court, along with your filing fee and the creditors’ matrix--a formatted mailing list the bankruptcy court clerk will use to send notice of the filing to your creditors. 

Step Five: Attend Your 341 Hearing

The 341 hearing, also known as the meeting of creditors, typically takes place a few weeks after you file. For most Chapter 7 filers, this is the only appearance required. And, it’s not even a court hearing. The bankruptcy trustee presides over the meeting, which may be held in a conference room at the courthouse, or even in an office or other offsite location. 

Before the meeting, you’ll receive some additional instructions about what to bring to the meeting. If you’re represented by a bankruptcy attorney, the attorney can tell you in greater detail what to expect, including the questions the bankruptcy trustee is most likely to ask. 

Many people are nervous about this meeting, but it’s typically a quick, smooth process. Creditors have the right to appear at the hearing and ask questions, but most do not. Most 341 meetings last less than 10 minutes. 

At or after the meeting, the trustee may ask you for additional information or documentation. It’s important to provide this information as quickly as possible to keep your case on track. 

Step Six: Complete an Approved Financial Management Course

The credit counseling session has to be completed before the bankruptcy petition is filed, but the financial management course (also sometimes called “debtor education”) must be completed at some point after filing and before a discharge can be granted. 

Like credit counseling, the debtor education course is relatively inexpensive and can typically be completed in two hours or less. The course is most often completed online. But, the purpose is quite a bit different. While credit counseling is intended to help ensure that bankruptcy is the right choice, the financial management course is designed to help bankruptcy filers make the most of the opportunities bankruptcy offers. 

Step Seven: Wait

After the 341 meeting, creditors have an opportunity to file objections. The vast majority do not, especially if there are no assets available for distribution in the case. 

Are you considering filing a Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Bankruptcy in Mid-Michigan? Then, you probably have questions. Please give us a call at (989)799-8860 or use this form to tell us about your situation. We’ll take the time to answer your questions and discuss your options.

In this article, we’ll break down the real costs of filing for bankruptcy, how to protect yourself throughout the process, and what you need to know about this important financial decision. 

For residents of Michigan, especially those who have fallen on hard times and might be considering filing for bankruptcy, knowing whether or not student loans can be included in a petition is an important question. Students across America carry an average of $29,000 in student loan debt by graduation.